商务英语阅读教程4unit 4 textb.pptxVIP

Text BInternational trade regulation;Organization;Structure of the Passage;Background Information;General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis. It was negotiated during the?United Nations?Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the?International Trade Organization?(ITO). ;The?World Trade Organization is an?intergovernmental organization?which regulates?international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the?Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?. ;?The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the?Uruguay Round?.;;GATT and WTO trade rounds ;WTO Functions ;Details of each part;NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定于94年1月1日生效实施。 内容: ①关税相互减免； ②取消进口限制； ③坚持产地规定； ④政府采购协定； ⑤鼓励投资； ⑥扩大相互金融服务； ⑦发展相互自由运输； ⑧鼓励保护知识产权； ⑨协商争端解决机制.;3 GATT Principles;Several WTO Agreements;随着国际贸易的发展和贸易自由化程度的提高，各国实行动植物检疫制度对贸易的影响已越来越大，某些国家尤其是一些发达国家为了保护本国农畜产品市场，多利用非关税壁垒措施来阻止国外尤其是发展中国家农畜产品进入本国市场，其中动植物检疫就是一种隐蔽性很强的技术壁垒措施。由于GATT和TBT对动植物卫生检疫措施约束力不够，要求不具体，为此，在乌拉圭回合谈判中，许多国家提议制定了SPS协议，它对国际贸易中的动植物检疫提出了具体的严格的要求，它是WTO协议原则渗透的动植物检疫工作的产物。;GATT to WTO;;斯姆特-霍利关税法（The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act）于1930年6月17日经签署成为法律，该法案将2000多种的进口商品关税提升到历史最高水平。当时在美国，有1028名经济学家签署了一项请愿书抵制该法案；而在该法案通过之后，许多国家对美国采取了报复性关税措施，使美国的进口额和出口额都骤降50%以上。一些经济学家认为，斯姆特-霍利法案是导致美欧之间贸易规模从1929年的历史高位急遽衰退到1932年历史低位的催化剂—这次衰退伴随着