英语工具书 百科全书.ppt

《不列颠百科全书》（Encyclopaedia Britannica） 和 《美国百科全书》（Encyclopedia Americana） Definition from EB encyclopaedia,?also spelled encyclopedia,?Reference work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or that treats a particular branch of knowledge comprehensively. The prototype of modern encyclopaedias is usually acknowledged to be Ephraim Chambers’s Cyclopaedia (1728). The first modern encyclopaedia was the French Encyclopédie (1751–65). The oldest general encyclopaedia in English is the Encyclop?dia Britannica. It was Paul Scalich, a German writer and compiler, who was the first to use the word to describe a book in the title of his Encyclopaedia; seu, Orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanum epistemon… (“Encyclopaedia; or, Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Not Only Sacred but Profane…”), issued at Basel in 1559. 外国百科全书的起源 百科全书的出现已有2000多年的历史。“百科全书”（Encyclopedia）一词源自希腊文，其最初的含义是知识的系列或知识的完整体系。德国作家、编辑家Paul Scalich首先用这个词命名他的一部著作：《百科全书，或世界学科知识——神圣而又世俗》，1559年初版。 many encyclopaedias had been simply called “dictionary”. The many encyclopaedias that had been published before this time either had been given fanciful titles (Hortus deliciarum, “Garden of Delights”) or had been simply called “dictionary”. Scalich’s pioneer use of encyclopaedia The word dictionary has been widely used as a name for encyclopaedias, and Scalich’s pioneer use of encyclopaedia did not find general acceptance until Denis Diderot made it fashionable with his historic French encyclopaedia, the Encyclopédie (1751–65), although cyclopaedia was then becoming fairly popular as an alternative term. a modern encyclopaedia may still be called a dictionary Even today a modern encyclopaedia may still be called a dictionary, but no good dictionary has ever been called an encyclopaedia. 古希腊和中国是百科全书的发源地 古希腊和中国是百科全书的发源地。古希腊的亚里士多德（Aristotle BC 384一前BC322 ）被奉为“百科全书之父”。他为讲学而编写的各学科讲义，如《工具论》（逻辑学著作，共6篇）、《物理学》（自然科学著作）、《形而上学》（哲学著作）、《伦理学》（关于道德的著作）、《政治学》（关于国家学说的著作）、《诗学》（文艺理论著作）等，是最早搞学科分类的百科全书。 百科全