联想与搭配的应用Association Collocation.pptVIP

Chapter 7 1. Association Words association can be handled in terms of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between words. Elements which can be substituted one for another in a given context are said to be in paradigmatic relationship; elements which combine to from a larger unit are said to be in syntagmatic relationship. For example, The cat is on the mat. vs. The dog is on the mat. (cat vs mat→ syntagmatic one; cat vs dog → paradigmatic one) Further Notes on PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC : They are Contrasting terms in (structural) LINGUISTICS. Every item of language has a paradigmatic relationship with every other item which can be substituted for it (such as cat with dog), and a syntagmatic relationship with items which occur within the same construction (for example, in The cat sat on the mat, cat with the and sat on the mat). The relationships are like axes, as shown in the following diagram. Further Notes on PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC : On the lexical level, paradigmatic contrasts indicate which words are likely to belong to the same word class (part of speech): cat, dog, parrot in the diagram are all nouns, sat, slept, perched are all verbs. Syntagmatic relations between words enable one to build up a picture of co-occurrence restrictions within SYNTAX, for example, the verbs hit, kick have to be followed by a noun (Paul hit the wall, not *Paul hit), but sleep, doze do not normally do so (Peter slept, not *Peter slept the bed). On the semantic level, paradigmatic substitutions allow items from a semantic set to be grouped together, for example Angela came on Tuesday (Wednesday, Thursday, etc.), while syntagmatic associations indicate compatible combinations: rotten apple, the duck quacked, rather than *curdled apple, *the duck squeaked. 1) Paradigmatic Rules — Four Rules A. The Minimal-contrast Rule “Changing the sign of one feature beginning with bottommost feature.” For example, man vs. woman: [+Noun], [+Human], [+Adult] The