美国艺术--电影-History of American Movies.docVIP

History of American Films Section I. The Beginning of American Films Part I. Thomas Edison American Films Vocabulary Phonograph 留声机 Cinematograph 摄像机，留影机 Cine-projector 放映机 Cinepanoramanic 全景宽银幕电影 Cinerama 宽银幕立体电影 Ciniphil 电影迷 I. Phonographs→cinematograph i. Zoetrope It is the zoetrope (西洋镜), a device developed in the 1830s, which was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it produced the same effect. Starting with the zoetrope, experiments continued all the way to the wide screen. ii. Zoopraxiscope The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera’s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope. Stimulated by Muybridge’s endeavors, other scientists invented chronophotographic (连续照相的) camera and kinetoscope（活动电影放映机）, which allowed an individual viewer to watch a brief film through a small peephole. By its nature, the experience of viewing a motion picture through a kinetoscope was more private, and, in some ways, more voyeuristic. iii. Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph with which people’s voice could be recorded and kept for a long time. Edison was ambitious. He was not satisfied with his many inventions. In the late 1880s Edison drew upon the work of the predecessors. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording