群落生态学的中性理新论_张大勇.pptVIP

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;群落生态学的核心问题 1、物种丰富度：为什么群落内这么多的物种？ 2、物种均匀度：物种多度分布模式 ;物种共存机制—传统的生态位分化的思想; ;群落中性理论的代表人物;群落中性理论的历史： Hubbell (1979);The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Stephen P. Hubbell, Princeton University Press: 2001. 448 pp.;Hubbell的著作引起巨大反响;群落中性理论;中性模型;二、Preston（1948）：对数正态分布 （lognormal distribution);中性模型与实测数据拟合非常好;中性理论的意义; Nature 424:1035-1037；得到了中性模型的解析解;群落中性理论的进展（backword in time) Etienne Olff 2004a,b; Etinne 2005 a,b ; ;Zhang 和Lin (1997) 以及Yu等（1998）先后在中性模型的基础上假定物种间出生率或死亡率有微小差异。他们发现物种的共存时间将急剧下降，群落很快被竞争强者（出生率高或死亡率低）所替代。说明个体在生态学上对称的假设对于中性理论至关重要，同时说明中性理论从这个角度来说是脆弱的 ;中性理论的假设：BCI野外数据检验;中性理论的假设：BCI野外数据检验; 从1990-1995年对胸经在10cm以上的63个个体数大于50的树种的调查结果表明，树种每年的死亡率在0.44%到16.4%之间变化，而替代率在0.34%到12.0%之间变化（Condit et al. 1995, Sheil et al. 2000）。Chave(2004)为检验有多少物种偏离群落的平均替代率和死亡率计算了标准差，并对每个物种进行了t检验。结果表明，在63个种中只有26个种（占41%）符合中性的假设。也就是说，大多数的物种是非中性的。;检验中性理论预测（Hubbell 1997);检验的中性理论预测（McGill 2003);检验中性理论预测（Volkov et al. 2003);Allee效应与群落中性理论;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Allee效应与群落中性理论;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;近中性模型;Fig.1 The influences of interspecific differences in fecundity and dispersal pattern on the time to fixation (MTF). MTF decreases dramatically as w and community size increase. ;Fig.2 The influences of community size, dispersal distance and the interspecific differences in fecundity on the MTF. The MTF increases proportionally as the community size increases, and dramatic increases in MTF with community size only occur in the neutral drift case. Increases in MTF due to dispersal limitation are moderate. ;模型：;Fig.3 Metacommunity equilibrium rank-abundance curves and equilibrium species-abundance distributions of the neutral drift model with and without difference