contrastive linguistics lecure 3 ppt.ppt

Lecture 3 Lexical Contrastive Studies (Contrastive Lexicology) An introduction to lexical morphology morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. --from Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics . Inflectional morphology studies the way in which words inflect in order to express grammatical meanings in sentences, such as singular/plural, perfect/imperfect, comparative. E.g. trees, flew, easier, raining. lexical morphology studies the principles governing the construction of words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play. 1. Contrastive Lexical Morphology 1.1. The study of lexical morphology 1.1.1 Word and Morpheme Morpheme What is a word? The minimum free form (the smallest form that may appear in isolation) (Bloomfield) The smallest semantic unit that can move freely. E.g. Bird, go What is a morpheme? Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. free morpheme bound morpheme. For example, unfriendly. Simple words A simple word is one which contains only one free form. E.g. friend derivatives A derivative is one which has one free form and one or more bound forms. friendly Compound words A compound word is one which consists of more than one free morpheme. girlfriend 1.1.2 Word derivation—morphological processes A. Affixation, B. Reduplication, C. Modification D. Affix-deletion Affixation--the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base of a word. Prefixation, Suffixation, Infixation, Zero-affixation Prefixation—the process in which the bound morphemes are added to the beginning of a word. Suffixation—the process in which the bound morphemes are added to the end of a word. Eg. –ness Infixation— a letter or sound or group