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Developing metro systems in the People’s Republic of China Policy and gaps.pdf

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Developing metro systems in the People’s Republic of China Policy and gaps

Developing metro systems in the People’s Republic of China: Policy and gaps BECKY P. Y. LOO1,* DENNIS Y. N. LI2 1Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 2Metro Solutions Limited, Hong Kong (*Author for correspondence, E-mail: bpyloo@hkucc.hku.hk) Key words: affordability gap, financing gap, localization, non-fare revenue, technology gap, technology transfer Abstract. Rapid urbanization has taken place in China since the Open Policy in 1978. In face of the growing demand for mobility in large cities, new metro systems were developed in large cities like Guangzhou and Shanghai. At present, there are seven cities with 10 metro lines under construction. What are the policy issues and major challenges of developing metro systems in China? This paper systematically reviews the current situation and highlights three major gaps that Chinese cities have to overcome in planning metro systems. They are the technology gap, the financing gap and the affordability gap. A discussion of these gaps in the Chinese context leads us to the conclusion that early planning and careful studies are important in the development of metro systems in China. Moreover, the existing official criteria (population and economic power) for approving the building of metro systems are insufficient and should be supplemented by more vigorous evaluation criteria. 1. Rapid urbanization in China The People’s Republic of China is the third largest country in the world, covering an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. In 2001, China had a pop- ulation of 1.3 billion (CSSB 2003). Administratively, the country is divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four centrally administered municipalities and two special administration regions. Due to the different policy and institutional settings in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, the dis- cussion only focuses on mainland China. Ever since the Open Policy in 1978, Chinese cities have experienced rapid growth, both in terms o