国外心理学精要第7版课件myers9.pptVIP

Thinking, Language, Intelligence “The best way to have a good idea is to have lots of ideas.” Lines Pauling Thinking What is it? Manipulation of words images Cognitive psychology Studies how the mind Organizes perceptions Processes information Interprets experience Concept Formation Concept A mental grouping of persons, places, ideas, events, or objects that share common properties Priming When one concept is ‘activated’, others nearby in the network are primed Concept Formation Prototype Best representative of a concept Ex: Sport Football Basketball Golf Chess NASCAR Problem Solving Strategies Trial error Problem Solving – Trial Error Identify problem Car won’t start Gather information Outta gas? Dead battery? Try a solution Not outta gas, so I’ll dry off the wires Evaluate results Car starts - yeah! Car doesn’t start - try another solution Problem Solving Strategies Trial error Algorithm A systematic, step-by-step problem-solving strategy, guaranteed to provide a solution Heuristic A rule of thumb that allows one to make judgments that are quick but often in error L K C C O Insight Water Problem Problems with Problem Solving Mental set The tendency to use a strategy that has worked in the past Functional Fixedness A tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions, a limitation that disrupts problem solving Problems with Problem Solving Confirmation Bias The inclination to search only for evidence that will verify one’s beliefs Belief Perseverance The tendency to cling to beliefs even after they have been discredited Anderson (1980) Decision Making Try to make best choice from alternatives Utility: value of given outcome Probability: likelihood you’ll achieve it Representativeness Heuristic A tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of how typical (how similar to the prototype) it seems Availability Heuristic A tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of how easily instances of it can be recalled