说明文阅读理解的解题技巧(修改).docVIP

说明文的解题技巧 刘习文(洪湖一中) “说明文”在近年的全国新课标卷上所占比例很大，每年必有1-2篇。其话题广泛，涉及到科普知识（2015全国卷II，B篇），介绍说明（2015全国卷I，C篇；2014全国卷I，B篇，卷II，B篇）及社会文化（2015全国卷I，D篇；2014全国卷I，D篇；2014全国卷II，C篇）等题材，文长均在300词左右，题目设置中等难度，要求考生在7分钟左右完成。 基本特点： 说明文一般由导语、背景、主体和结尾四部分构成，它有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构，层次分明，段落清晰。主题句常出现在句首和句尾。内容新奇，尽管有专业词汇和术语，但可以通过上下文、构词法等来理解词义。常常会设计细节理解、词义猜测、推理判断和主旨大意题等。 解题技巧： 一、科普文传播科学，解题要“遵循科学的内在逻辑”。利用科学规律可以快速排除阅读题的干扰选项。干扰项设计巧妙，但往往观点偏颇、片面或夸大其词。如： 例1 （2013年高考湖北卷·阅读理解E） A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse. ... Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future. “Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，” the authors wrote. Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people ______. A. to fully enjoy their present life B. to estimate their contribution accurately C. to take measures against potential risks D. to value health more highly than wealth 解析 本文说明一份科学研究的结果，过于乐观的人实际上比悲观的人在10年内更有残疾或死亡的风险。题目考查的是Pessimism的积极方面的作用。悲观主义者凡事都往坏的一面想。从辩证的角度看，其积极的一面就是有利于对潜在的危险有比较充分的认识并采取措施。根据第6段中的may be more careful about their actions,和第7段中的may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，就知道C是正确的。选项A，充分享受现有的生活，文中没提及；选项B，悲观主义让人准确估计他们的贡献，选项D，更看重身体，而不是财富，这些都不是科学的规律，而且与原文无关。 二、说明文主旨明确，精准、直白、在首尾。即：文章主旨在首尾段；段落主旨在首尾句。如： 例2 （2015年高考 Salvador Dali was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.... Which of the following best describes Dali to Paragraph 1? A. Optimistic B. Productive C. Generous D. Traditional 解析 首段