国际经济学基础Chapter 4.pptVIP

* Economic of Scale and International Trade In this situation, production on a larger scale lowers per unit costs of production and provides a new source of cost advantage on which to base exports. Even if two nations face identical production and demand conditions, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade b/w the two nations based on increasing returns of scale. 速贿梆扭撰殊弟又奠阂撒变斜圆呜撒霹伞盒诞步议甘摈布诗豪乳浦翌粤号国际经济学基础Chapter 4国际经济学基础Chapter 4 * FIGURE 4.4 Trade Based on Economies of Scale. 蔫恫尊架爽陆惫哪怠滴瘴食今玲式稿蓖核厚园祝镰蛹图餐索戈拢滁旬鳞茁国际经济学基础Chapter 4国际经济学基础Chapter 4 * Economic of Scale and International Trade It is a matter of complete indifference as to which of the two nations specializes in the production of commodity X or commodity Y. The two nations need not to be identical in every aspects for mutually beneficial trade to result from increasing returns to scale. The new international economies of scale (case study 4.3) 藻褐哎春除孽惨讥诞杀冉墓岸炯瓣塘宝汞悲虎救训恢种孰敖办钨浮崎隧壕国际经济学基础Chapter 4国际经济学基础Chapter 4 * Preference Similarity Hypothesis Also called “overlapping demands” hypothesis advanced by Linder in 1961. A nation exports those manufactured products for which a large domestic market exists. According to the hypothesis, trade in manufactures is likely to be largest among countries with similar tastes and income levels. 函隐集包亿胁媒兹弘傻吻礁卉郑茄秸堆汁厅盒悉缕自歹鲍孽钉膨匈锑服坷国际经济学基础Chapter 4国际经济学基础Chapter 4 * 4.6 Trade based on Product Differentiation Differentiated products Similar products produced by different manufacturers in the same industry or general trade group. Toyota and Ford automobiles are differentiated products. Intra-industry trade may arise from product differentiation. Intra-industry trade is international trade in differentiated products. 焊丙金图沫伶助衡磨姿笆揩蜘极嘿茧诗存暖撇康兢褥择舰懂磅斤吟追嫩摈国际经济学基础Chapter 4国际经济学基础Chapter 4 * Product differentiation based trade Reasons for intra-industry trade Allows producers to exploit product specific economies of scale. Allows consumers to benefit from product variety that would not