语言学复习资料(精编).docVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 .1Definition of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 1.1.2 Scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General Linguistics. 1.1.3 Some distinctions in linguistics 1) Prescriptive说明性 vs. Descriptive描述性 Descriptive---- describe / analyze the language people actually use. Prescriptive----lay down rules for “correct and standard ” behaviour in using language. 2)Synchronic 共时的vs. diachronic 历时的 Synchronic study---description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study---description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) Synchronic approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one. 3) Speech and writing Speech----Primary medium of language Writing----Later developed Speech is prior to writing [5 reasons] 4). Langue and parole (F. de Saussure:1857--1913 ) Langue ---- the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole ---- the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is abstract. Parole is concrete. Langue is stable. Parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 5). Competence 语言能力and performance语言运用(Chomsky)Competence-----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance---- the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Q：Similarity and difference between Saussure’s distinction and that of Chomsky Similarity: both make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Difference: Chomsky抯 competence-performance is from psychological point of view. Saussure抯 langue-parole is from sociological point of view. 6)Traditional grammar and modern linguistics Q: What are the differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not th