第三节人体测量..docVIP

第三节　人体测量 　 　　Anthropometry, developed in the late 19th century by anthropologists, uses simple measuring devices to quantify differences in human form. The potential of anthropometric methods in assessing nutritional status was first realized in the late l9th century by Richer, who used skinfold thickness as an index of fatness. The modern era of nutritional anthropometry began with the studies of Matiegka during World War I. Matiegka’s interest in the physical efficiency of soldiers led him to develop methods of anthropometrically subdividing the human body into muscle, fat, and bone. Anthropometric techniques are now widely used in many areas of human biologic research, and three important multi-author books on the subject appeared within the last decade.　　Anthropometric measurements can provide information on gross body size, skeletal form or configuration, and on skeletal and soft-tissue development. Body measurements may not always be used safely for comparing the nutritional status of genetically different populations or for an assessment of nutritional status by reference to a world standard. They are, however, useful for follow-up of physical state over periods too short for genetic selection to affect the population in a significant way, provided gene flow is negligible.　　The number of measurements is very large and the selection depends on the purpose of the study, and the size and age of the sample to be examined. The Committee on Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council (USA) recommended the following items: Body weight, stature, sitting height, iliocristal height, bicristal (biliac) diameter, biacromial diameter, upper-arm skinfold, and upper-arm circumference. Further measurements for children, according to age, are also included.　　人体测量数据可以较好的反应营养状况，通过人体测量可对病人营养状态进行一定程度的评价。人体测量的内容主要包括身高（长）、体重、围度、皮褶厚度、握力等。 　　1. 身高（长）测量 　　【临床意义】 身高（长）（三岁以下儿童需要测量身长）增长与种族、遗传、营养、内分泌、运动和疾病等因素有关，一般急性或短期疾病与营养波动不会明显影响身高。身