经济学原理曼昆07.ppt

* 38 26 * 38 26 * 38 26 * 38 26 * 38 26 * 53 32 * * * * * 54 32 * 54 32 * 56 33 * 56 33 * 8 * 8 * 67 38 * 67 38 * 68 39 * 68 39 * * * * * * * * Summary Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production. Producer surplus measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market. Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve. 小结 生产者剩余等于卖者出售某种物品得到的量减去卖者的生产成本。 生产者剩余衡量买者从参与市场中得到的利益 生产者剩余可以通过找出价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积来计算。 Summary An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equity, of economic outcomes. 小结 可以说使消费者和生产者剩余的总和最大化的资源配置是有效率的。 政策制定者通常关心经济结果的效率以及平等。 Summary The equilibrium of demand and supply maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. This is as if the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently. Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures. 小结 供给与需求的均衡使消费者与生产者剩余的总和最大化。 这就好像市场中看不见的手指引买者与卖者有效地配置资源。 在存在市场势力或外部性这类市场失灵的情况下，市场不能有效地配置资源。 * * 2 3 * 2 3 * 3 4 * 3 4 * 4 5 * 5 5 * 6 9 * 9 10 * 10 11 * 8 6 * 11 11 * 11 11 * 13 13 * 13 13 * 13 13 * 13 13 * 13 13 * 21 17 * 5 5 * 5 5 * 34 24 * 35 11 * 32 22 * 36 11 * 36 11 供给表和供给曲线 The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve供给表和供给曲线 Quantity of Houses Painted 要油漆的房子数量 Price of House Painting 油漆房子的价格 500 800 $900 0 600 1 2 3 4 Grandma’s cost格拉玛的成本 Georgia’s cost 乔治亚的成本 Frida’s cost 路易斯的成本 Mary’s cost 玛丽的成本 Supply 供给 The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market. 价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积衡量市场的生产者剩余。 Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus 用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余 Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve... Quantity of Houses Painted Price of House Painting 500 800 $900 0 600 1 2 3 4 Supply Grandma’s producer surplus ($100) Price = $600 用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余... 要油漆的房子数量 油漆