逻辑谬误第四课讲义2014.3.16.docVIP

第十八条：基因谬误 你通过一个事物的出身来判断它的好坏。 你试图逃避正面的讨论，而转而讨论事物的出处。这种做法和本文第六条“人身攻击”类似，都是想试图通过已有的负面印象来从侧面攻击对方，却不能正面的回应对方的论述。 例子： 小明：“孙越不喜欢喝胡辣汤。”小红：“孙越是荷兰人，怎么会不喜欢喝胡辣汤？”——小红这里就犯了基因谬误 The origin of a claim or thing is presented. The claim is true(or false) or the thing is supported (or discredited). Youre not going to wear a wedding ring, are you? Dont you know that the wedding ring originally symbolized ankle chains worn by women to prevent them from running away from their husbands? I would not have thought you would be a party to such a sexist practice. There are numerous motives explaining why people choose to wear wedding rings, but it would be a logical fallacy to presume those who continue the tradition are doing so with the intent of promoting sexism. “ America will never settle down; look at the rabble-rousers who founded it. ” A commonly occurring example of this style of reasoning can be called the etymological fallacy. This presents arguments based on the supposed real meaning of certain words, where that real meaning is in fact what the word meant centuries ago, or what its root word (in Latin, Greek etc.) meant. A popular tactic, it is easily shown to be fallacious and misleading. Thus: Has he arrived yet? No, he came by car, not by boat! This is not merely a non-sequitur. It reflects that fact that the first speaker simply accepts the contemporary meaning of arrive, whereas the second recalls the Latin origin: ripa meaning shore (compare also the words river and Riviera), whereby the English word arrive contains within it the idea of disembarkation. -------------------------------------------------------------- 第十九条：非黑即白 你把黑和白作为仅有的可能，却忽略了其它可能性的存在。 你使用了简单粗暴的假二分法，来掩盖其它可能性的存在。你想通过非黑即白的选择来误导讨论，破坏辩论的建设性。 例子：在谈到反恐战争时，总统说如果你不支持反恐战争，你就是支持恐怖分子。总统这里犯了非黑即白的谬误。Senator Jill: Well have to cut education funding this year. Senator Bill: Why? Senator Jill: Well, either we cut the social programs or we live with a huge deficit and we cant live with the deficit. Bill: Jill and I both