第十四章消费者剩余.ppt

97 98 100 100 103 106 107 110 111 112 114 115 115 116 117 118 122 20 25 26 27 52 55 63 66 66 68 69 71 71 71 73 74 75 76 80 77 78 84 85 83 86 86 89 92 94 94 95 96 Chapter 9 Slide * QS QD PW Imports A B C 取消进口价格降上升至PO. 生产者获益为A. 消费者损失为A + B + C, 无谓损失为 B + C. 进口关税和进口配额 Quantity Price 获得同样效果，关税额度为? D P0 Q0 S 自由贸易情况下，国内市场价格等于世界价格PW. Chapter 9 Slide * D C B QS QD Q’S Q’D A P* Pw 进口关税和配额 Quantity Price D S 价格的提高可以通过配额或征收关税获得. 国内生产者获益为：A 消费者损失为：A + B + C + D. 此时国内价格P=Pw+T Chapter 9 Slide * 进口关税和进口配额 如果采用关税，则政府关税收入为： D, 因此国内净损失为：B + C. 使用配额时, 外国生产者获得额外利润：D 国内净损失为： B + C + D. D C B QS QD Q’S Q’D A P* Pw Quantity D S Price Chapter 9 Slide * Question: Would the U.S. be better off or worse off with a quota instead of a tariff? (e.g. Japanese import restrictions in the 1980s) 进口关税和进口配额 D C B QS QD Q’S Q’D A P* Pw Quantity D S Price Chapter 9 Slide * 食糖配额 国际食糖价格低至每磅4美分，美国国内价格却高达每磅 20-25美分. Chapter 9 Slide * 食糖配额 The Impact of a Restricted Market (1997) U.S. 产量 = 15.6 billion pounds U.S. 消费量 = 21.1 billion pounds U.S. 价格 = 22 cents/pound 世界价格= 11 cents/pound Chapter 9 Slide * 食糖配额 The Impact of a Restricted Market U.S. ES = 1.5 U.S. ED = -0.3 U.S. supply: QS = -7.83+ 1.07P U.S. demand: QD = 27.45 - 0.29P P = .23 and Q = 13.7 billion pounds C D B QS = 4.0 Q’S = 15.6 Q’d = 21.1 Qd = 24.2 A 配额带给消费者的损失为 A + B + C + D, or $2.4b. 生产者获益A, or $1b. 食糖配额：1997 Quantity (billions of pounds) Price (cents/lb.) SUS DUS 5 10 15 20 25 0 4 8 11 16 20 PW = 11 PUS = 21.9 30 C D B QS = 4.0 Q’S = 15.6 Q’d = 21.1 Qd = 24.2 A 食糖配额1997 Quantity (billions of pounds) Price (cents/lb.) SUS DUS 5 10 15 20 25 0 4 8 11 16 20 PW = 11 PUS = 21.9 30 Rectangle D was the gain to foreign producers who obtained quota allotments, or $600 million. Triangles B and C represent the deadweight loss of $800 million. Chapter 9 Slide * 税收或价格补贴的影响 税收负担将由消费者和生产者分摊。 从量税效应 从量税：按每销售单位一定货币量计征的税收 Chapter 9 Slide * D S B D A 销售者损失=A + B, 消费者损失=D + C, 政府税收=A + D . 无谓损失=B + C. C 从量税税收负担 Quantity Price P0 Q0 Q1 PS Pb t Pb 是消费者支付的