流化床反应器的历史.doc

流化床反应器Fluidized Bed Reactor; FBR 流化床反应器;快堆—文献资料 strategy555@ These pages were constructed to convey the importance of Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBRs) in todays petroleum and chemical process industries Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBRs) are used to produce products ranging from jet fuel to fertilizers and from plastics to synthetic fibers. FBRs developed over time, and new applications for FBRs are still being developed today The History and Early Impact of Fluidized Bed Reactors The early history of FBRs is interwined with World War II and involved tremendous amounts of engineering skill and capital expense by over 400 oil and chemical processing companies The History of FBRs In the early 1900s, the Standard Oil Company, then the largest oil company in the world, was using temperature distillation and thermal cracking to refine crude oil into different products; such as, kerosene, fuel oils and lubricants. At the same time, Standard was researching alternative methods of cracking the lower value long-chain crude oil molecules into the high value smaller molecules of the fuel and lubricant products. It wasnt until the mid-1920s that there was a significant breakthrough allowing the development of a better cracking unit. In Europe at this point, advances in catalyst technologies were being used to convert coal into oil. In 1936, a process was developed called the Houdry Process. It used a fixed-bed catalyst to crack petroleum molecules. In this process the catalyst was prone to coking. This required that the coke deposits be burned off periodically. For the first Houdry cracking unit, the time required to burn off (regenerate) the coke was equal to the time the unit had been running. That is, for every ten minutes of cracking time, there was a ten-minute regeneration time. However, this was not the only problem with the Houdry Process. The Houdry Process had a license fee of $53M, roughly $600M in todays dollars. Needless to say, Exxon Research (a descendent of Standard