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Encoding the Java Virtual Machine’s Instruction Set
1 Introduction
The development of programs that parse and analyze Java Bytecode [9] has a long history and new programs are still developed [2,3,4,7,13]. When developing such tools, however, a lot of effort is spent to develop a parser for the bytecode and for (re-) developing standard control- and data-flow analyses which calculate, e.g., the control-flow graph or the data-dependency graph.
To reduce these efforts, we have developed a specification language (OPAL SPL) for encoding the instructions of stack-based intermediate languages. The idea is that—once the instruction set is completely specified using OPAL SPL—generating both bytecode parsers and standard analyses is much easier than their manual development. To support this goal, OPAL SPL supports the specification of both the format of bytecode instructions and the effect on the stack and registers these instructions have when executed. An alternative use of an OPAL SPL specification is as input to a generic parser or to generic analyses as illustrated by Fig. 1
Though the language was designed with Java Bytecode specifically in mind and is used to encode the complete instruction set of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) , we have striven for a Java-independent specification language. In particular, OPAL SPL focuses on specifying the instruction set rather than the complete class file format, not only because the former’s structure is much more regular than the latter’s,but also because a specification of the instruction set promises to be most beneficial. Given the primary focus of OPAL SPL—generating parsers and facilitating basic analyses—we explicitly designed the language such that it is possible to group related instructions. This makes specifications more concise and allows analyses to treat similar instructions in nearly the same way. For example, the JVM’s iload 5 instruction, which loads the integer value stored in register #5, is a special
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