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Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication。Systematic
rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;can’tbecombinedat
will.Arbitrarynointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”by
anyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Symbolicwordsareassociatedwithobjects,
actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”Shakespeare
Vocaltheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthan
spokenform。Human-specificdifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflife
possess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Languageishumanspecific
Designfeatures:thosefeaturesofhumanlanguage,whicharethoughttodistinguishitfromother
kindsofanimalcommunication.ItincludesArbitrariness;Duality;Productivity
(creativity)Interchangeability;Displacement;Specialization;Culturaltransmission
Arbitary:Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.e.g.
“house”uchi(Japanese)mansion(French)房子(Chinese)Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitate
naturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,….Chinese:putong,
shasha,dingdang…)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,
shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…
Duality(Doublearticulation)Lowerlevelsounds(meaningless)Higherlevelmeaning(larger
unitsofmeaning)thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsand
letters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.
Productivity(creativity):Peculiartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandand
producesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“A
red-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”
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