参考成果文学book ii.pdfVIP

Table of Contents ➢ New England Transcendentalism ➢ Ralph Waldo Emerson ➢ Henry David Thoreau ➢ Herman Melville ➢ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ➢ Walt Whitman ➢ Emily Dickinson ➢ Mark Twain ➢ Stephen Crane ➢ Henry James New England Transcendentalism 1. It is the summit of American Romanticism, which also known as “American Renaissance” “Not as a re-birth of values that had existed previously in America, but as America’s way of producing a renaissance, by coming to its first maturity and affirming its rightful heritage in the whole expanse of art and culture” (F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance). 2. Leaders: Emerson and Thoreau 3. Manifesto: Nature written by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1836, which is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. 4. Club: Transcendentalist Club 5. Journal: The Dial 6. Sources: American Unitarianism, ideological philosophy of France or Germany and oriental mysticism. 7. Oversoul: It is an idea created by Emerson, which is l-pervading spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things come and of which everything is a part. It exists everywhere and is the chief element and the most important thing in the universe. Generally, Oversoul refers to the spirit or God. S e everyone’s soul derives from it, anyone could get contact and get guide from the Oversoul. 8. Major features ( ideas): 1) cing emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe a new way of looking at the world. 2) Stressing the importance of the individual (self-reliance) a new way of looking at man. 3) Emphansis of intuition, namely, man could learn from the outside world and from their inner intuition, and the inner is truer than the outside. 4) O