神经科学与行为.pptxVIP

神经科学与行为第1页/共55页 Neural CommunicationBiological Psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behaviorsome biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologistsNeurona nerve cellthe basic building block of the nervous system第2页/共55页 Neural CommunicationDendritethe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell bodyAxonthe extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glandsMyelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuronsenables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses第3页/共55页 Neural Communication第4页/共55页 Neural CommunicationAction Potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axongenerated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membraneThreshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse第5页/共55页 Neural CommunicationCell body end of axonDirection of neural impulse: toward axon terminals第6页/共55页 Neural CommunicationSynapse [SIN-aps]junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neurontiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleftNeurotransmitterschemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neuronswhen released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse第7页/共55页 Neural Communication第8页/共55页 Neural CommunicationSerotonin PathwaysDopamine Pathways第9页/共55页 Neural Communication第10页/共55页 Neural CommunicationAcetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contractionEndorphins [en-DOR-fins] “morphine