普格尔《国际贸易（第17版）》 英文手册Pugel_17e_chap011_IM.docxVIP

PAGE PAGE 86 ? 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. ?This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. ?This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.? Chapter 11 Pushing Exports Overview Chapters 8 through 10 focused on government policies toward imports, with little attention to government policies and business practices in the exporting countries. This chapter shifts to looking at various practices and policies that can increase exports, as well as the effects of these export-promoting activities on importing countries. The chapter has two major purposes: Examine dumping—what it is, why it occurs, how it affects importing countries, and what government policies are used in importing countries. Examine export subsidies, looking at these same issues and a few others. Dumping is selling exports at a price that is “too low.” There are two standards sanctioned by WTO rules: selling exports at a price that is lower than the price in the home market (or in a third country market), or selling exports at a price that is lower than the full average cost of production (including a profit margin). The legal standard is one or the other, not both. There are at least four different reasons that an exporter would dump (based on one or the other of the two definitions). Predatory dumping is intended to drive out rivals. Cyclical dumping occurs during an industry downturn in demand, with sales at prices that cover average variable cost but are below average total cost. Seasonal dumping unloads excess inventories, especially on products that are perishable or going out of fashion. Persistent dumping is international price discrimination, with the exporting firm facing less elastic demand in the home market, and having some way to limit or prevent reimport back into its home market. What should the importing country think of dumping? The