普格尔《国际贸易（第17版）》 英文手册Pugel_17e_chap012_IM.docxVIP

PAGE PAGE 97 ? 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. ?This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. ?This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.? Chapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade Blocks Overview This chapter examines two types of trade barriers that are intended to discriminate between foreign countries. A trade bloc has lower or no barriers for trade between its members, while they maintain higher barriers for trade with outside countries. A trade embargo or trade block places extra barriers against trade with a specific foreign country, usually because of a broader policy disagreement. There are four major types of trade or economic blocs: free-trade area, customs union, common market, and economic union. WTO rules generally call for equal trade barriers against all other countries (at least those that are also members of the WTO)—the most-favored-nation principle. But the WTO rules also have a few exceptions, including an exception for a trade bloc that achieves substantially free trade among its members. A trade bloc can have several effects on the well-being of its member countries and the world overall. We usually analyze trade blocs by comparing them to countries maintaining barriers against all other countries. To the extent that forming or joining the trade bloc results in lower prices in an importing member country, the country and the world gain as additional trade is created. To the extent that forming or joining the trade bloc results in shifting the source of a member country’s imports from low-priced suppliers in countries outside the trade bloc to higher-priced partner suppliers, the country and the world lose as trade is diverted from low-cost to higher-cost producers. The net effect depends on whether the gains from trade creation are larger than the losses from trade diversion. There are also possi