临床药理学_个体化药物治疗与精准医学.pptVIP

* Genes are made up of DNA which is packaged on 46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The DNA of the human genome is estimated to contain some three billion nucleotide base pairs, made up of combinations of the four bases: adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. Amongst these there are over 3 million (one in every thousand) single base pair changes which differ among individuals. This is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. * * Genes are made up of DNA which is packaged on 46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The DNA of the human genome is estimated to contain some three billion nucleotide base pairs, made up of combinations of the four bases： adenine, cytosine, thiamine and guanine. Amongst these there are over 3 million (one in every thousand) single base pair changes which differ among individuals. This is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. * * Let’s begin by examining what medicine has looked like in the past. Think of it as trial-and-error medicine. A physician observes the patient’s condition through a physical exam, asks about medical history, and makes a “most likely” diagnosis based on the knowledge and evidence that is available. The physician then decides upon the treatment that he or she believes is most appropriate. Then the physician monitors the response to decide whether to stay the course or try an alternative. Trial-and-error medicine represents a vast improvement over what came before—largely the “guesswork” of the 19th and early 20th centuries. And it often works. * * Producing better medical products: Producing new classes of structural materials that are expected to bring about lighter, stronger, smarter, cheaper, cleaner, and more precise medical products * * * Hier sehen sie, dass ?hnlich gro?e unterschiede wie für Glibenclamid auch für die anderen Sulfonylharnstoffen, sowie für Nateglinid gezeigt werden konnten, die verschiedenen Studien kommen dabei zu sehr einheitlichen Ergebnisen. * RISPER