陈述句-疑问句-祈使句-感叹句.doc

陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 一 陈述句（statement/declarative Sentence）的交际功能主要是说明事实，肯定什么或者否定什么，它主要分为两大类：肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。 1 肯定陈述句 A 委婉语气。表示委婉语气词常见有I’m afraid，if I’m not mistaken, I suppose, if I might say so, if you please, etc. e.g. We have finished it yet, I suppose. B 强调词(Emphasizer为了加强肯定的语气): indeed, really definitely, certainly, for sure, without any question, without doubt, undoubtedly, virtually, surely, actually, etc. e.g. You are definitely right. C 添加“强调附加结构”(Reinforcement Tag) 来加强语气 e.g. You are crazy, you are. D 采用“双重否定”(Double Negative),比较含蓄地加强肯定 e.g. That kind of result is not impossible. E 修辞疑问句（Rhetorical Question）,他的否定形式相当于受强调的肯定陈述句 e.g. Isn’t it right？=It is right. F 除了以上几种强调手段外，在口语中我们还可以语音手段即重读操作词(operator)的方法来加强肯定的口气。 2 否定陈述句，主要用来表示句子的否定意向或提出对比。 A 带否定词not的否定句，not放在操作词后 e.g. He did not come on time. 注意，not 也可用来否定句中的其他词语，仅表示局部否定(Partial Negation),而不构成否定句 e.g. She went home not long ago.(否定副词词组) 但若局部否定出现在句首，有时也会构成否定句 e.g. Not very often did she go there to see him. =She did not go there too see him very often. B 除not以外的否定词：no, never. e.g. No honest man would lie.=An honest man would not lie. Never have I been late to class. C 加强否定的其他方法：“not one/not a (single)+单数可数名词”；重复否定词never/never in all my life; 在never 之后加助动词的一定形式。 e.g. Not one child was left behide. I’ve never in my life met such a person. He never did like her. 二 疑问句(Question/Interrogative Sentence),就其语法结构和交际功能来说，分为一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和附加疑问句。 1 一般疑问句（General Question/Yes-no question）常用来询问一件事或一个情况是否属实，其答语通常是Yes或No。 A 答案既可以是Yes也可以是no的一般疑问句中常用非肯定词（Non-assertive Word）,any, anything, yet, at all,etc. e.g. Is there anything wrong with the radio? B 对于答案带有肯定意向或期待肯定的回答时，即在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词（Assertive Word） e.g. Have you already been there？ Would you like some more coffee? C 一般疑问句的否定式有两种：一种是“操作词+n’t+主语”，通常用于非正式语体；一种是“操作词+主语+not”，常用于正式语体 e.g. Have you finished the work yet? D 一般疑问句的缩略否定形式如果用了肯定词即表示提问人对答案的肯定意向；还可以表示对美好事物的赞叹 e.g. Don’t you like it? Isn’t it beautiful? 2 特殊疑问句（Special Question/Wh-