Exercise, Ethanol, and Disease：运动，乙醇，和疾病.pptVIP

Cocaine and Stuffby C. Murray Ardies, Ph.D. Cocaine A white powder purified from the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant native to the Andes Mountains; especially in Peru. Cocaine has been used for probably thousands of years while the first written of cocaine use was written by Amerigo Vespucci in 1499 about the early South American civilizations. Early use was by chewing the leaves of the plant and even today many of the natives in the mountain regions use the leaf on a daily (continuous) basis without significant social problems. The drug cocaine was purified around 1860 by the French chemist Angelo Mariani and it subsequently was added to a variety of products including the one which introduced cocaine to the general population in Europe (and beyond): Vin Mariani. Products containing cocaine were widely used throughout western civilizations because it clearly “freed the body from fatigue, lifted the spirits, and caused a sense of well-being”. The Pope even gave Mariani a medal for his contributions to society and the use of cocaine was endorsed by many physicians and national leaders before the turn of the century (Czar/Czarina of Russia, Prince of Wales, Kings of Norway, Sweden, and even President McKinley of the USA). With the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914, the free use of cocaine-containing products disappeared because cocaine was mistakenly classified as a narcotic. Recognition of the addicting and psychotic properties of cocaine by medical personnel in the late 1880’s led to diminished use in medicine. Effects of cocaine are dependent on dose and route of administration: The medical use of cocaine was originally as a treatment for morphine addiction and as a local anesthetic. The need for increasing doses with continuing use to prevent symptoms of narcotic withdrawal led to the production of paranoid psychosis in patients. With high enough doses, everyone will experience paranoid psychotic ( violent) episodes. Cocaine also is a good l