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Exponentiator Sub-Threshold Design - Harvey Mudd College乘幂运算器的亚阈值设计哈维玛德学院
ExponentiatorSub-Threshold Design Sub-threshold research group: Andrew Danowitz Anu Kohli Autumn Petros-Good James Brown Matthew Weiner Introduction Low power RSA Encryption Modular exponentiation Uses Montgomery multiplication Radix-4 Sub-threshold design Subthreshold Overview Transistors driven at voltages below VT Below VT, current exponentially decreases with decreasing VDD Uses leakage current for operation Subthreshold Motivation Benefits: Ultra-low power Disadvantages: Exponentially slower Sensitive to process variations Performance depends on ambient conditions Applications: Encryption chips on smart-credit cards Pace-makers Watches Wireless sensor nodes System Overview Units: 7 memories Control logic Kernel FIFO Sequencer Design Questions Number of processing elements, p Word Size, w Supply Voltage Choice of Sizes for p and w Goal: Perform 1024-bit RSA encryptions p – # of processing elements (PE) w – word size Logic behind choice: ↑ in p ? higher latencies Minimize area, area is proportional to p*w Want “w” to be a power of 2 Faster encryption ? less leakage from memory n 2pw + w Choice of Sizes for p and w Final Decision: Supply Voltage Test Setup: 5 cascading fanout of 1 gates Tested NAND2, NOR2, NOR3 Only 1 gate input switched Supply Voltage Spice Simulation Swept supply voltage Monte Carlo simulations Results: Requires VDD of 0.280V NOR3 is limiting gate System Overview Units: 7 memories Control logic Kernel FIFO Sequencer Floorplanning – Preliminary Floorplan Objectives: Conservative estimates for cell areas Major busses between cells Optimizing for shorter wire lengths Maintaining size constraints Floorplanning – Preliminary Floorplan Floorplanning – Detailed Floorplans Objectives: Better size estimates for cells Bus widths and locations for all signals Slice plans indicate wire crossings for a single bit-slice Floorplanning – Detailed Floorplans Kernel and FIFO Schematics completed and validated Memories Objectives: Each memory needs
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