Do GlowWorm Larvae Use Warning Coloration做萤虫的幼虫用警戒色.pptVIP

ADAPTATIONS OF FEMALE LIONS TO INFANTICIDE BY INCOMING MALES. By: Craig Packer, Anne Pusey, Karen McComb, Jon Grinnell Lion Social Habitat Some Facts… Prides of 2-18 adult females with cubs Coalition of 1-7 adult males Males come and go Communication involves roaring Infanticide is common Location of Field Studies Numerous river courses Lions are able to conceal themselves Experiments #1 Female response to infanticide Increased cub mortality during male takeovers #2 Females can distinguish between the roars of familiar and unfamiliar males and unfamiliar females Questions??? Why and how does infanticide occur in a given population of lions? How do female lions adapt to it? Effect of infanticide on lion population and overall fitness? Methods (#1) 15 prides of lions were studied (1978-1981) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania Infanticide occurrence, female behavior, incidence of wounds, and mating activity were recorded during male takeovers Methods (#2) Playbacks of roars from fathers of cubs, from unfamiliar males and from unfamiliar females were given to female lions with cubs Behavior of female lions with cubs was documented based on the responses to these playbacks Retreating Approaching speakers Moving towards their cubs Snarling Results (#1) Infanticide was observed 6 times Cub mortality higher during male takeover None of the cubs survived up to 6 months during takeover Cubs aged 13-20 months were evicted Overall male takeover had a detrimental effect on the fitness of females Results (#1 cont.) Responses of mothers to incoming males at takeovers Defense of cubs Avoidance of new males Heightened female sexual activity Low fertility period Mating Levels Results (#2) Females and cubs agitated in response to playbacks of roars of unfamiliar males Retreating-common response to roars of unfamiliar males Females also moved towards the cubs in response to roars of unfamiliar males Results (#2 cont.) Females with cubs approached speaker in