《公共政策分析》双语课件Chapter 4 Policy Instruments幻灯片课件.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Policy Instruments 1.1 本章学习要点 政策工具的定义及基本分类 ----- Definition and classification 政策工具的特性及适用范围 ----- Characteristics and limitation 1.2 学习与思考 政策工具问题的重要性 ---- Why does it matter? 可以有更好的工具分类吗？ ---- Better category? 检视中国政府的政策工具箱 ---- Anything new? 选择工具的根据与策略 ---- Please see chapter 8 1.3 政策工具的重要性 In this chapter we discuss the policy instruments – also called policy tools or governing instruments – by which governments attempt to put policies into effect. These are the actual means or devices which governments have their disposal for implementing policies, and from among which they must select. 1.4 做什么与怎么做同等重要 Government not only decides whether or not to do something about deteriorating water quality, but also whether it should implement its decisions though – 1) mass campaigns 2) regulation 3) subsidy -- the choice of instrument is often no less contentious than the choice of the policy itself. 1.5 政策工具的分类：各种标准 荷兰经济学家E. S. Kirschen和他的同事在1960年代初期首次列举了64种政策工具，但没有做系统分类。 Christopher Hood将所有的政策工具按照统治资源分为四大类：信息，权威，财政，组织。 McDonnell等从期望目标的角度分为四类：委托，诱导，能力建立，系统改变。 加拿大政治学者G. Bruce Doern and Richard Phidd的努力具有转折性，他们以合法的强制力的运用程度来对政策工具分类。 1.8 Substitutable 工具的可替换性 大部分政策目标都可以用几种工具来实现。理论上说，工具之间都有某种程度的可替换性。 但实际上，受经济、政治、文化等因素的制约，工具的选择与替换成为一件很复杂的事情。 2.1 Voluntary Instruments Characteristic Feature They entail no or little involvement by the government Cost-efficiency, consistency with the cultural norms of individual freedom, and support for family and community ties To serve public policy goals for reasons of self-interest, ethics, or emotional gratification. 2.2 政府与志愿工具 Government often decide deliberately that they will do nothing (“non-decision”) about a recognized public problem, because they believe it can be best done by the market, or by family or voluntary organizations. 2.3 Voluntary Organization Voluntary in the dual sense: -- being free of