IGCSE Biology课本summary.docxVIP

1. Vertebrates: fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal 2. Arthropod节肢动物: crustacean甲壳纲动物: claw antenna, arachnid住蛛形纲动物:4pairs of jointed legs, book lungsinsects:3, 2pairs of wings, trachea, thorax胸myriapods多足节肢动物: segmented body3. Annelids环节动物: clitellum生殖带mollusc软体动物: softunsegmented body, may a shell Nematodes线虫纲：Long thin unsegmented body.4. Monocotyledonous单子叶植物: strap-shaped leaves with parallel veins ,one cotyledon inside each seed.5. dicotyledonous双子叶植物：have leaves which can be broad, and which have a network of branching veins. Have two cotyledons inside each seed. 6. Bacteria: unicellular单细胞的 , flagellum鞭毛, cell wall, may chloroplasts.7.Fungi: multicellular, cell wall, no chlorophyll, feed by saprophytic nutrition腐生, parasitic nutrition. Sporangium孢子囊 containing spores, feeding hypha菌丝, mycelium菌丝体. 8. Dichotomous key.9. Cell wall : fully permeable .10. Basement membrane, vacuole containing digestive enzymes on cells lining the stomach .11. Organelle细胞器= cells= tissues= organ= organ system= organism.12. Visking tube.13. Turgid膨胀, flaccid萎, wilt枯萎, plasmolysed质壁分离的,shink14. Active transport, carrier protein15. metabolism, carbohydrates: starch+sugar, simple sugars or monosaccharide: glucose, complex sugar or disaccharide: sucrose and maltosePolysaccharide: cellulose and starchBenedicts solution If reducing sugar, blue=orange-red16. Fat=glycerol甘油 + fatty acid17. Testing for starch: iodine solution , if starch , brown= blue-black.18. Adipose tissue 脂肪组织19. Testing for fat : ethanol, forming tiny globules , milky , called emulsion.20. Testing for proteins , biuret reagent( KOH+CuSO4) . If protein, then purple21. Phenolphthalein22. Amylase淀粉酶 protease蛋白酶 catalase过氧化氢酶carbohydrases糖酶 Maltase麦芽糖酶sucrase蔗糖酶lipase脂肪酶Active site, substrate, pectinase， denature, optimum temperature.23. fungus, fermenter, Penicillium make penicillin.Photosynthesis, chlorophyll24. Petiole柄Midrib中脉, lamina叶片, vascularbundle, Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer , Lower