IT项目管理课件10.2.pptVIP

* Potential Deliverables by Phase The Project Life Cycle Effective project management throughout the life cycle reduces risk of unintended consequences in: COST, TIME, PERFORMANCE SCOPE CONFLICT * * * * Highly organized: good understanding of the interactions between entities in the system. Complex: Large number of elements with many interactions. Can have some of the same predetermined attributes. But what about others? How much force is being applied? What about the spacing of people at the bottom of the formation. Loosely organized: We can have different patterns and dynamics forming as the system evolves. Repeatability is difficult when humans are involved. * Probabilistic: Will the person depress the weight the exact same distance each time? Purposeful: If I’m at the bottom of the heap, my goal might be to try and make myself as comfortable as possible. * * * * PM Systems, Design Integration What is a System Anyway? A complex set of relationships among interdependent parts or components (Eisenberg and Goodall 1993) Interconnected complexes exhibiting emergent properties that their parts do not exhibit in isolation (Checkland 1983) The Basics of Any System A set of entities A boundary A pattern of relationships Feedback Minimal Elements of “System” Environment Feedback Input Output Boundary Relationships Intrinsic Extrinsic Simple vs. Complex Systems Adapted from Jackson, 1991 Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences Number of Elements Interactions Between Elements Predetermined Attributes Interaction organization CHARACTERISTIC SIMPLE COMPLEX SMALL FEW YES HIGHLY ORG LARGE MANY NO LOOSELY ORG Simple vs. Complex Systems Adapted from Jackson, 1991 Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences Laws governing behavior System evolution over time Subsystems pursue own goals CHARACTERISTIC SIMPLE COMPLEX WELL DEFINED NOT EVOLVE NO PROBABILISTIC EVOLVES YES (PURPOSEFUL) Simple vs. Complex Systems Adapted from Jacks