恶性肿瘤的三级预防..ppt

* Surgery and radiation remove or kill the bulk of locoregional cancer; however, small local tumor deposits and occult metastases may escape these treatments and result in subsequent recurrence or relapse. Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents work by a variety of mechanisms, but they share in common the property of affecting rapidly dividing cells more than they affect nondividing or slowly replicating cells. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA elongation37 Topoisomerase inhibitors and anthracyclines block a key enzyme in DNA replication38,39 Anthracyclines are also DNA intercalators and generate reactive oxygen intermediates that damage DNA39 Alkylating agents crosslink DNA40 Platinum-based compounds form DNA adducts41 Taxanes interfere with microtubule function42 Hormonal therapies either modulate hormone receptors or inhibit enzymes necessary for hormone synthesis.43 Targeted antitumor agents include biologic and small-molecule compounds that bind or block specific molecules important for tumor cell growth. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 一般乳房的自我检查每月一次，有月经的妇女的最佳检查时间应在每月月经来潮后9—11天检，一般在以下三种情形进行乳房自检较为方便可行： 　（1）洗澡时检查你的乳房，尤其在沐浴露尚未洗去前，手易在湿润的皮肤上移动。将摊平的手轻柔地移动，检查乳房的每个部分。右手检查左乳，左手检查右乳，检查乳房有无肿块、硬结或增厚。 　（2）在镜前检查，对着镜子两手下垂于身体两旁，再将两上肢缓慢上举过头，观察乳房的形态改变，包括乳房的轮廓、有无肿起部分、有无皮肤微凹或乳头的回缩。接着，双手叉腰，观察双侧乳房是否对称。 　（3）在平卧时检查，平卧时在被检查乳房侧的肩胛下填放一个枕头或软物。再将同侧的手放在头后，这样使乳房的组织更均匀地分摊在胸部。将平摊的手轻压在皮肤上，以乳头为中心逐渐移动检查。检查开始于乳房的外上方，右乳以顺时针方向，左乳以逆时针方向；从乳房的外围起，逐渐向内，直至乳头。最后，在拇指和食指间轻挤乳头观察有无乳头溢液。如有溢液，应观察是澄清的还是浑浊的，是淡黄、乳白还是血性。一旦发现异常，应立即就医。 * * * * * * * * * Countries with the highest prevalence of gastric cancer are highlighted in yellow based on age-standardised rate (ASR) in men 20/100000 by region. Regions highlighted in green represent countries with ASR for gastric cancer in men ≥10 and ?20/100000. Regions highlighted in light blue represent countries with a low incidence of gastric cancer (ASR in men 10/100000). Approximately two-thirds of gastric cancer cases occur in less