第三章从语素到短语.pptVIP

Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase Outline 3.1 Morphology and Morpheme 3.2 Word 3.3 Formation of Word 3.4 Lexical Change 3.5 Task 3.1 Morphology “Morphe” is a Greek word which means form; “-ology” means branch of learning. Morphology is defined as the systematic study of morpheme, which investigates the internal structures and rules of morphemes by which words are formed. 3.2.1 Morphemes The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 3.2.2 Types of Morphemes (1) Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves, e.g. boy, girl, table, nation, which are called mono-morphemic words. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, e.g -s, -ed, dis-, un-. A single word may consist of one or more morphemes. Example: a word over 5 morphemes Antidisestablishmentarianism Anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism (国家对教会不予承认论, 国教废除论) (2) Root, Affix, and Stem Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be free: those that can stand by themselves, e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive. Affix: the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Normally divided into prefix (dis-, un-) Infix (-ee in feet), and suffix (-en, -ify). Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added, e.g. friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es. (3) Inflectional affix and Derivational affix Inflectional affixes very often add a minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, e.g. boys, walks, John’s. Derivational aff