Households Work and Flexibility家庭和工作的灵活性.docVIP

Households, Work and Flexibility Literature Review: UK Christine Cousins and Ning Tang University of Hertfordshire Contents Part 1: The Discourse on Flexibility in the UK 2 (a) Introduction 2 (b) The Flexible Firm Thesis 2 (c) The Insecure Workforce 3 (d) The Debate on Choice and Constraints 4 (e) The Costs and Benefits of Flexible work 5 (f) Family friendly policies and working arrangements 5 (g) The difficulty of definition of flexible work 6 Part 2: Flexibility of time, place and conditions of work 6 (a) Flexibility of time 6 Hours of work 6 Part-time employment 7 Call centres 8 Family–friendly working arrangements 8 (b) Flexibility of place 8 Homeworking 8 Working from home 9 Hotdesking 9 (c) Flexibility of conditions of work 9 Sub-contracting 9 Temporary work 9 Self employment 10 Part 3 Informal, domestic and additional work 10 (a) Informal Work 10 Tax evasion by regular workers 11 Undeclared income earning by those who unemployed 11 Informal employment of ethnic minority groups 12 Unpaid economic activities carried out for the household or for friends and relatives outside the household on a reciprocal basis. 12 (b) Domestic work 13 Part 4: The relationship between family and work 14 (a) Changes in the nature and distribution of employment have affected households differently and unequally. 14 An increase in male inactivity rates 14 Young men 14 Increased participation of women in the labour market 15 A ‘work-rich’-‘work-poor’ society 15 Increased earnings differentials and income inequalities 15 High dependency on means –tested benefits 16 Lone parents 16 b) Families and Parenting 16 Part 5: General Conclusions 17 Notes 18 References 19 Part 1: The Discourse on Flexibility in the UK (a) Introduction The pressure for increased flexibility at work in the UK has been said to derive from increased international competition, privatisation of public sector organisations, the diffusion of new information technologies and increases in the immediacy and variabili