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Application of Engineering Economics to Ship Design z+ f6 x* k+ L6 N+  / M: L??y( O9 |; |( _; }, v+ L9 c??A ~, w: `+ D. E1 T% q Earlier Parts have given a broad picture of the economic environment within which marine transport operates, and the mechanics of making economic calculations. Ship design links the two, i.e., the marine transport requirements must be developed into a series of feasible ship designs, which must then be evaluated for their technical and economic performance, covering the following: ) J( c8 J3 i# R! l X 6 a+ N5 ]0 i T* YTrading pattern and operating environment$ }9 ^2 V9 K% N m Range of feasible technical designs. y b2 M- uZ5Estimation of building and operating costs, and income9 M4 Q??c) z- j- M+ x* ……,,,. C- {- m Although a superficial glance might suggest that such a process is a matter only for ship owners, this is not so, the shipbuilder is also concerned, in two principal ways:( d. 0 S9 w) t1 r9 E+ }4 KSpecialist knowledge ( \0 c0 L E! n7 f3 l! S9 zTo design the optimal ship, extensive experience is required of the influence of different, design features on first cost. The builder is much better able than the ship owner to quantify accurately the cost of alternative hull proportions, materials, machinery arrangements, etc. m _Commercial competition 3 ~1 m3 _??e, s4 q C5 V: t0 ~As ship owners have become more ready to apply the principle of income and costs, rather than minimizing ship first cost, there has arisen a greater need for a shipbuilder to show not that his design is necessarily the cheapest, but that it is the most profitable. This approach has been used by the aircraft industry for some time, and is particularly applicable to standard ship designs. e# ]7 u8 J. ~% R( M9 O8 f% K) n/ t6 m5 D 3 ^Traditionally, ship design from the builder’s viewpoint has meant the receipt of an enquiry from a sh