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化学工程与工艺概论推荐
Introduction to Fine Chemicals
——Selected from Industrial Chemicals and
Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques
July，2008
Contents
Chapter 1 Classifications of Chemicals 1
Chapter 2 Formulations 20
Chapter 3 Surface active materials and Emulsion 43
Chapter 4
ESSAY 4.1 Aspirin 63
ESSAY 4.2 Ethanol and Fermentation Chemistry 69
ESSAY 4.3 Esters----Flavors and Fragrances 77
ESSAY 4.4 Fats and Oils 83
ESSAY 4.5 Petroleum 88
ESSAY 4.6 Polymers and Plastics 99
ESSAY 4.7 Carbohydrates 108
ESSAY 4.8 Proteins and Amino Acids 117
Chapter 1
Classifications of Chemicals
Order is a lovely thing:
On disarray it lays its wing .
Teaching simplicity to sing.
“The Monk in the Kitchen”
Anna Hempstead Branch
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS——WHAT FOR?
In 1990, the Chemical Abstracts Service registered the 10 millionth compound in its registry system. (It was cis-(+)-4,6,7,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-6,6,8b-trimethyl-3H-naphtho [1,8-bc]furan). About one percent of these, a hundred thousand chemicals, are on the marketplace [1]. These chemicals have approximately 350,000 common names. How are they listed? How are they categorized? Such a population needs order. We shall try and make some.
The obvious way of listing chemicals, a way accepted by researchers is alphabetically by the name of the chemicals, without any classification.
But what name? And how does one deal with those materials having very complex names? Then again, should Chemical Abstracts’ names be used? Or generic names? Or common names? And how is it possible to classify materials that are not pure, like washing powder? And materials that
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