英国概况常考内容.docVIP

Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age The year 1485 is accepted as the beginning of a new historical era. In 1485 the middle age ended. House of Tudor Henry VII：consolidating his power creating the royal navy, the basis of the future British Sea Power; Henry VIII: 1. Background and Reasons 2. Purpose: to get rid of the pope’s interference in England’s internal affairs Reformation 3. Consequences: Church of England was established in 1534 which kept to the catholic doctrines and religious practices but rejected the papal control; King’s position was strengthened; The importance of parliament grew. Edward VI Bloody Mary (a Catholic) 1. restoring the Anglican church; 2. granting charters to English merchants for the Elizabeth I establishment of charter companies, one of which was the East India Company; 3. destruction of Armada, paving the wary for its foreign expansion; House of Stuart (the Bourgeois Revolution ) believing “Divine Right of Kings” James I (James VI of Scotland) Gunpowder plot of 1605 (Guy Fawkes Night/ Bonfire Night) 1. Reason: conflicts between the king and the parliament; Charles I : Civil War King: Cavaliers/ Royalists (Tories) (1642--1649) 2. Two sides (Puritan Revolution / Parliament: Roundheads (Whigs) the Bourgeois Revolution ) 3. Consequences: a. marking the beginning of modern world history; b. overthrowing the feudal system in England and shaking the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. In 1649, Charles I was beheaded. Cromwell (“Lord Protector”): creating Commonwealth, a Republic without the House of Lords and king; Richard : son of Cromwell, he was too weak to deal with the complicated contradictions, so he abdicate