法律英语翻译教学教材演示幻灯片.pptVIP

As of since 分析：as of和since在意义上没有什么区别，都表示从…….开始（表示时间），但法律英语中常常使用前者，即as of，很少或基本不用since。如： As of September 11, Beijing will upgrade or ban more than 92,100 vehicles which failed to meet the city’s emission standard. 从9月11日起，北京准备改善92100多不符合该市排放标准的车辆或对其予以禁止。 This contract shall take effect as of the said date in the first page hereof. 本合同从自第一页载明的日期起生效。 Commence start 分析：commence 和start，都是动词，表示“开始”，但前者比后者更为正式，因此，在法律英语中也总是被选用。如 In any situation whatsoever and wheresoever occurring and whether existing or anticipated before commencement of or during the voyage, which in the judgment of the Carrier or the Master is likely to give rise to risk of capture, seizure, detention, damage, delay or disadvantage to or loss of the ship or any part of her cargo, or to make it unsafe, imprudent, or unlawful for any reason to commence or proceed on or continue the voyage or to enter or discharge the goods at the port of discharge, or to give rise to delay or difficulty in arriving, discharging at or leaving the port of discharge or the usual or agreed place of discharge in such port, the Carrier may before loading or before the commencement of the voyage, require the shipper or other person entitled thereto to take delivery of the goods at port of shipment and upon failure to do so, may warehouse the goods at the risk and expense of the goods； or the Carrier or the Master, whether or not proceeding toward or entering or attempting to enter the port of discharge or reaching or attempting to reach the usual place of discharge therein or attempting to discharge the goods there, may discharge the goods into depot, lazaretto, craft, or other place. 不论任何地方任何情况，不论是在开航前或航程中存在或预料到的，只要承运人或船长认为可能有导致捕获、扣押、没收、损害、延误或对船舶或其货物不利或产生灭失，或致使起航或续航或进港或在卸货港卸货不安全、不适当、或非法，或致使延误或难于抵达、卸载或离开卸货港或该港通常或约定的卸货地，承运人可在装货或开航前要求发货人或与货物权利有关的其他人在装货港口提回货物，如要求不果，可仓储货物，风险和费用算在货主头上；承运人或船长，不论是续航至或进入或企图进入卸货港，或抵达或企图抵达港口通常的卸货地，或企图在此卸货，也可将货物卸在仓库、检疫站、驳船，或其他地方。 Hereby 　　释义：古英语中较为典型的一个，表示“在此，兹”，如we hereby reaches this agreement 我们