27037本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理Chapter2Linguistics.docVIP

Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学The scope of linguistics:语言学的研究范畴 Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.语言学是对语言的科学研究。 It may be a study of the structure of language，the history of language，the functions of language，etc.它可能研究语言,语言的历史、语言的功能等。 I这是一个科学因为“这是基于语言数据系统考察,语言结构” 2.1.1 Lyons’ distinctions 莱昂斯的区分 1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics. 普通语言学与描写语言学The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.前者处理一般语言，而后者涉及一个特定的语言。 2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics. 共时语言学与历时语言学Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.历时语言学追溯了语言的历时发展和记录了发生的连续时间点间的变化，共时语言学提供了一个账户的语言，因为它是某个特定的时间点。 3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. 理论语言学与应用语言学The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.前者处理语言，以求建立一个理论的结构和功能，而后者涉及概念和应用语言学研究的各种实用的任务。 4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics. 微观语言学与宏观语言学The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.前者只研究语言结构的系统而后者处理所有的与语言相关的事物。 2.1.2 wang gang’s dichotomies王刚的二分法. 1）specific linguistics and general linguistics 具体语言学和普通语言学 2）descriptive linguistics and historical linguistics 描写语言学和历时语言学 3）comparative historical linguistics and contrastive linguistics 历时比较语言学和对比语言学 4）microlinguistics and macrolinguistics 微观语言学和宏观语言学 5）theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics 理论语言学和应用语言学 （1）specific linguistics and general linguistics 具体语言学和普通语言学 specific linguistics focuses on the study of any particular language such as Chinese.“具体语言学”以某一具体语言（如汉语）为研究对象。 The study of language as