考研英语：阅读七大“干扰项”特点.docVIP

考研英语：阅读七大“干扰项”特点 错误选项，也叫干扰项，也戏称陷阱，是出题者(中国出题专家)的拿手好戏。对错选项的分析从某种角度来说比正确选项更有意义。因为在实际做题时，我们做的 大部分工作是排除三个错误选项。有时问题集中在两个选项上，我们明明知道答案就在这两个选项中，可是很难判断究竟哪个是错的。 干扰项的形式与对策　　 总的来说，干扰项从语言和内容两方面欺骗大家。虽然花样很多，但总是有些规律可循的。出题者在编错误选项时，就像一个大骗子，试想骗子的伎俩有哪些呢？首先是把假的说成真的，所谓以假乱真，其次是真真假假，虚虚实实，所谓掉包，再次是夸大其词，或以偏概全，一会儿把苹果说成灵丹妙药，一会儿又说灵丹妙药根本不存在。　　对干扰项的对策有以下7种：　　1、合理项：文章中没提到，利用生活常识编造出来的选项同。　　对策：做题不可凭空想象，一切都要从文中找依据。在相当多的情况下“项不是解”。　　2、断章取义：使用文章中出现的词语或类似的结构仿造。　　对策：原词越多，对的可能性越小。　　3、小动作：错误选项和原文句子几乎一样，但在细微之处做了手脚，改动了几个小词，使得意思和原文不相符。　　对策：仔细，仔细，再仔细！不仅要看大意，更要看细节。　　4、以偏概全：就是用文章中的细节片面的、次要的观点回答问题。　　对策：时刻要有一种博大的胸襟。　　5、张冠李戴(把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，把他人的观点说成是作者的观点)、正反倒置(把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点)、因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)。　　对策：头脑清楚。　　6、过度引申：考研测试推理能力是很正常的，但有相当多的选项，过度推理，超出文章的范围。　　 对策：掌握好分寸。　　7、字面意思：被测试的单词或短语，实际(深层)含义和表面上个别词汇的意思不同。出题者经常用表面意思作为干扰项。　　 对策：字面意思不是解。 例如　　Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the?Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are alreadyquestioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5?percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with　　school life, compared with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the?basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test?scores — personality, ability, courage or humani