专题一：名词和冠词.docVIP

Grammar 1：nouns and articles INouns 1. 可数名词的复数形式: 单复同形 sleep, deer, fish , means, works, aircraft, Japanese, Swiss, Chinese, Yuan/Jin/Li b. 规则变化①-fe: thieves, shelves, leaves, lives, knives; gulfs, roofs, proofs, safes, chiefs, beliefs, ②-o: photos, pianos, kilos, zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, videos, heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes, volcanoes c.不规则变化 feet, men, women, mice, teeth, geese, bacterium(bacteria), children, penny(pence), ox(oxen),crisis( crises), datum(data)（数据，资料, medium(media/mediums), phenomenon(phenomena) d. 只有复数形式 trousers, glasses, goods, clothes, thanks, contents, compasses(圆规), remains（遗迹，残余物）, scales(天平)，scissors（剪刀）, 复合名词复数：grown-ups, lookers-on, sisters-in-law, film-goers, passers-by, story-tellers, best-sellers, student-teachers（实习教师）, go-betweens（中间人）, men/women engineers 某些名词复数的特殊意义：woods, glasses, manners, times, drinks, wishes, regards, customs, waters, goods, contents（目录）, papers(论文，试卷), sands( 沙滩), spirits(情绪，酒精), arms(武器), conditions(环境 ), greens(青菜), forces(军队) 2. 不可数名词的具体化：加a/an表示“一场、一份、一种”a rain/snow, a tea/beer/drink 3．抽象名词具体化 1). 前加a/an 复数 4. 某些典型的不可数名词不能具体化：news, information, advice, progress, fun, homework, housework, furniture, luggage/baggage, weather, with pleasure/difficulty/hope, for/have fun 5. 名词的格：通常冠词与所有格相互排斥。 a. 所有格的构成: 1). 有生命名词加’s 2). 无生命名词通常用“of + 名词”形式。 b. ’s后名词的省略：1. 住宅 : at Jim’s 2. 店铺: at the barber’s 3. 行医开业者: at the dentist’s c. and 连接的两个所有格: Tom and Mary’ father, Tom’s and Mary’s fathers d. 复合名词的所有格，在后面名词加’s: his sister-in-law’s bike, a day or two’s stay, someone else’ keys, the president of America’s car e. 名词修饰名词：表示用途、性质、类别 shoe shop, coffee cup, time table, school life, stone bridge, head nurse, customs office, men/women doctors 所有格修饰名词： 所属关系（有生命）/整体部分关系（无生命）doctor’s degree, students’ union, China’s industry, women’s hands, teachers’ college, people’s park II. Articles: 定冠词表示“特指”，不定冠词表示“泛指”，但需注意一些固定搭配和语境。E.g. 1). Young as he is, he is not ______ new comer to physics. 2). Summers