2介词、介词短语.docVIP

二、介词 一、基本概念 ★介词是虚词，在句中不能独使用，代词 ★介词可分为：简单介词如from, about等复合介词如 inthroughout等；短语介词如according toinstead of等；分词介词concerning关于/涉及, considering/given考虑到/鉴于, regarding关于/至于等。at, in/during/over, on, by, for 等） 3. 表工具、手段或方式方法的介词：by（表用交通方式，手段等））；with（表使用有形的工具或身体某些器官等）；in（表用某方式、方法、语言、声音、字体、墨水、体裁、现金等）。如：by bike/car/train/plane/spaceship/boat/sea/air/land/water, in a loud voice, in English, in this way, in ink, in cash, by credit card, by hand, by means of; with this method, … 4. 分词形式的介词：如 considering“就…而论；照…来看；考虑到…”；given“考虑到；鉴于”；including“包括”；concerning“关于”。 ★注意一些既可用作介词也可用作副词的词，如in, on, off, by, down, above, … They sat in rows.（in介词） Nobody was in when we called.（in副词） Take the book off the shelf.（off介词） The town is five miles off.（off副词） The sun rose above the horrizon.（above介词） My room is above.（above副词） He broke in and the room alarm went off.（in副词，相当于 He broke into the room and….） 二、一些难以掌握或易混介词： 1. against：反对/与...相反/逆/违反；对...不利；紧靠/倚；以...为背景/衬托 Are you for or against it? 你是赞同还是反对？（be for“支持”；be against“反对”） They were rowing against the current. 他们划船逆流而上。 The evidence is against him. 证据对他不利。 The rain beat against the windows. 雨点击打着窗户。 Her red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 她的红衣服在白雪中格外显眼。 You should weigh the benefits against the cost. 你应该权衡一下收益与成本的得失。 2. beyond：在/向…的较远的一边；晚于/迟于；超出/除…之外（except）；非…所能及 The road continues beyond the village up into the hills. 那条路经过村子又往上延伸到群山中。 Beyond the river stands a power station．过了这条河有一个发电站。 Some shops keep open beyond midnight. 有些商店营业到半夜以后。 The bicycle is beyond repair. 此自行车已坏到不能修理。 These were matters beyond his understanding．这些事情他那时候还不了解。 Our success was far beyond what we thought possible．我们的成功远远超出了我们的估计。 She was really touched beyond words．她确实感动得无法用言语来表达。 3. by：用（某种方法/手段）；在…旁边；被/由…；截止到…的时候（注意：时态常用将来时或过去完成时）；经过（时/空）；按…（时间，长度，重量等）；依据/根据；乘(倍数) The children are playing by (the side of) the river. 孩子们正在河边玩耍。 The work will have been finished by noon. 到中午的时候，工作就会完成了。 By the end of last term we had learned five books.