现代动物遗传育种进展.docxVIP

2015级硕士研究生《现代动物遗传育种进展》试卷名称解释（每题10分，共40分）固定效应和随机效应混合效应模型和动物模型哈代温伯（Hardy-Weinberg）平衡和连锁不平衡基因修饰和转基因问答题（每题10分，共30分）在全基因组选择中，怎么才能使参考群能够在多个候选群中使用?表型值和表型方差可以剖分成哪些组分？在育种中哪些组分比较重要？基因编辑技术能否替代现有的育种技术，并说明理由？英译汉（15分）Different methods can be utilized to solve the mixed model equations (MME) covered in the previous chapters. These various methods could broadly be divided into three main categories:(1). Direct inversion.(2). Iteration on the MME.(3). Iteration on the data.The manner in which the MME are set up depends on the method to be utilized in solving these equations. As shown later in Section 13.3 below, the third method, for instance, does not involve setting up the MME directly.Iteration on the Mixed Model EquationsThis involves setting up the MME and iterating on these equations until convergence is achieved at a predetermined criterion. The iterative procedures are based on the general theory for solving simultaneous equations. For instance, given two simultaneous equations with unknown parameters, b1 and b2, the first equation can be solved for b1 in terms of b2. This value of b1 can then be substituted in the second equation to solve for b2. The value of b2 is then substituted in the first equation to calculate b1. This is the principle upon which the iterative procedures are based. In the iterative procedure, the above process is continued until the solutions for the b terms are more or less the same in each round of iteration and the equations are said to have converged. There are various iterative procedures that can be utilized.论述题（15分）某猪场想利用大白猪和二花脸培育一个新母系，请你设计育种方案？（一）名词解释（a)固定效应：试验设计的基本概念之一试验中，若因素的水平选取已定好，该因素的水平效应作为固定参数。随机效应：若因素的水平选取是随机地从某一总体中抽取，水平效应值是一随机变量，称此效应为随机效应。（b)混合效应模型：指包含固定效应和随机效应二者的模型。动物模型：是指各种医学科学研究中建立的具有人类疾病模拟表现的动物。（c)哈代温伯格平衡：在理想状态下，各等位基因的频率和等位基因的基因型频率在遗传中是稳定不变的，即保持着基因平衡。连锁不平衡：在某一群体中，不同座位上某两个基因同时遗传的频率明显高于预期的随机频率的现象。（d）基因修饰：指利用生物化学方法修改DNA序列，将目的基因片段导入宿主细胞内，或者将特定基因片段从基因组中删除，从而达到改变宿主细胞基因型或者使得原有基因型得到加强的作用。转基因：来源于特定生物体基因组中所需要的目的基因，或者是人工合成指定序列的DNA片段，将其转入特定生物中