国外心理学史.pptVIP

History and Systems of PsychologyLecture 2 ED PS 7080 August 31, 2010 Instructor: Robert Hill, Ph.D. What do you think? Mind: Was it discovered? Is it a tool? Is it a social construction? Review from Lecture 1 Socrates First to study the meaning and nature of human concepts Humans are endowed with innate knowledge – socratic method (pedagogy) Plato Our understandings and capabilities are innate (nativism) Knowledge is based on two general concepts: The intelligible world/The world of appearances Allegory of the cave We are a victim of our own beliefs, “Truth” through transcending beliefs Plato divided people into three classes Elite Guardians, the Auxiliaries, and the Productive (worker) class (The Republic) Aristotle Our minds our a blank slate (empiricism) – truth/learning through experience ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Search for order (positivism) In the universe (Copernicus, Galileo, Newton) In the human body (Hippocrates, Galen, Harvey) In the human psyche? Does the human psyche fit within an ordered framework? Is it: a natural phenomenon, a tool, a social construction Lecture 2 Outline Western Views of the mind: Renaissance Philosophy Descartes La Mettrie Empiricism versus Nativism Hobbs Locke Kant The Associationists Hume Hartley The Mills Other views of the mind Rene Descartes (1596-1650) The essential nativist Ideas are innate – they do not depend on experience Articulated the modern concept of mind-body dualism His most influential statement: I think, therefore I am: I am thinking, therefore I exist “Thinking” comes from the interaction of the brain with something else Only humans possess this something else (What is it?) The Soul: That must use the body to have contact with the world of reality How do we know that a soul exists within us - consciousness The capacity for thought The capacity for flexible behavior Language The soul cannot be