美国文学 American Naturalism.pptVIP

American Naturalism美国自然主义文学 Naturalism the law of jungle Brief Summary: Naturalism is a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic or even supernatural treatment. Brief Summary: Naturalism is a growth of realism, a prominent literary movement in Mid-19th-Century France and elsewhere. Unlike realism, however, naturalism is generally a philosophical position(?), as opposed to a literary technique. 自然主义（Le Naturalisme）是文学艺术创作中的一种倾向。作为创作方法，自然主义一方面排斥浪漫主义的想象、夸张、抒情等主观因素，另一方面轻视现实主义对现实生活的典型概括，而追求绝对的客观性，崇尚单纯地描摹自然，着重对现实生活的表面现象作记录式的写照，并企图以自然规律特别是生物学规律解释人和人类社会。 I. American Naturalism 1. The historical and social background 2. The intellectual background 3. Philosophical elements of literary naturalism 4. Features of naturalist fictions 5.Objectives 1. Historical and Social Background After the American Civil War(1861 -1865) WWI Industrial Revolution “This is a Godless world in which man is thrown upon himself to keep alive as best he can against the overwhelming odds of the cold, indifferent environment.” --Theodore Dreiser Man’s place in the universe A man said to the universe: “Sir, I exist!” “However,” replied the universe. “The fact has not created in me a sense of obligation.” --Stephen Crane 《人与天》 ? 一个人对着天说： “老兄，我存在！” “不过”，天应答说， “这一事实并没使我生出 义务之感。” Living in a cold, indifferent and Godless world, man is an insignificant human being to battle against a “tremendous ” environment. 2. The intellectual background Charles Darwin (1809 -1882) —an English naturalist  The Origin of Species (1859) Charles Darwin ---“the fittest, the survival” —the theory of evolution — Natural Selection The survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organism’s ability to adapt to its environment. Herbert Sp