Lecture2--英语本科《社会语言学》学习课件.pptVIP

主讲教师：郑家钦 2.2.4 Grammatical Change Some grammatical structures of Old English are the same as Modern English, but some quite different. ①Word order of Old English is less firm and inflexible. In typical Old English: He coude songes make. In Modern English: He could make songs. 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.2.4 Grammatical Change ②In addition to word order, the use of the auxiliary do/does is another characteristic of Modern English in question or negation. In Shakespearean time there were sentences like‘Sings he?’(=Does he sing?) or‘We sing not.’(=We do not sing.) 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.2.4 Grammatical Change Furthermore, two-word verbs often appear in informal or oral Morden English to express some implifications of big words as in the following: carry out (implement) pay out (retaliate) do up (implement) pull down (demolish) give in (surrender) pull up (eradicate) keep on (continue) put out (extinguish) hang out (saunter) show off (flaunt) look into (inverstigate) talk over (discuss) 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.3 Factors of change (Hudson, 1977) Factors for the change are possibly the following: imitation of the prestigious; slang; interaction between the dialects; simplification; politeness; stratum terms. 社会阶层 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.3.1 Imitation of the Prestigious ①Out of respect for the speakers’ social position, role, or image, their pronunciations or words are often imitated. That is often the case: the lower class people imitate the pronunciation or intonation or word usage of the middle class people, the middle class imitate the upper class, and the upper class people imitate the royal family. 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.3.1 Imitation of the Prestigious ②Media play an important role in the language change. The audience often watching television may be influenced imperceptibly by som pronunciation or speech style on the screen. The pronunciation or wording of some famous singers, film sters, or comedians might change that of their fans. 主讲教师：郑家钦 2.3.2 Slang and Dialec