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a meta-analysis of predation risk effects on pollinator behaviour捕食风险的荟萃分析影响传粉者行为
A Meta-Analysis of Predation Risk Effects on Pollinator
Behaviour
1 2 3
Gustavo Q. Romero *, Pablo A. P. Antiqueira , Julia Koricheva
´ ˜
1 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil, 2 Pos-graduac¸ao em Biologia Animal,
˜ ´
IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, 3 School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom
Abstract
Flower-visiting animals are constantly under predation risk when foraging and hence might be expected to evolve
behavioural adaptations to avoid predators. We reviewed the available published and unpublished data to assess the
overall effects of predators on pollinator behaviour and to examine sources of variation in these effects. The results of our
meta-analysis showed that predation risk significantly decreased flower visitation rates (by 36%) and time spent on flowers
(by 51%) by pollinators. The strength of the predator effects depended neither on predator taxa and foraging mode (sit-
and-wait or active hunters) nor on pollinator lifestyle (social vs. solitary). However, predator effects differed among
pollinator taxa: predator presence reduced flower visitation rates and time spent on flowers by Squamata, Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera, but not by Diptera. Furthermore, larger pollinators showed weaker responses to pred
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