生化考点（Biochemical test site）.docVIP

生化考点（Biochemical test site） 1. glycolysis: glucose to lactose. Glucose, glucose 6 phosphate (hexokinase, irreversible, 1ATP), fructose 6 phosphate (Phosphohexoisomerase), 1, 6 (6 fructose two phosphate phosphofructokinase, the most important point, irreversible, 1ATP), triose phosphate (aldolase, reversible) - glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, phosphoric acid phosphoenolpyruvate, (via pyruvate kinase), phosphoenolpyruvate and ATP (irreversible). 2 molecules ATP can be generated. 2. aerobic oxidation of glucose: glycolysis products NADH into mitochondria, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by oxidative decarboxylation, acetyl CoA (key irreversible) is the beginning of the three into the citric acid cycle (features: citric acid synthesis of alpha ketoglutarate is irreversible, so the three cm) is not reversible, no net decomposition no net synthesis, the concentration efficiency of the oxidation of acetyl CoA depends on the rate limiting step is oxaloacetate, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ADP enzyme is allosteric activator and its inhibitor, ATP NADH. 36 or 38ATP can be generated. 3. sugar gluconeogenesis: the conversion of non sugar to glucose. The liver is the only pathway for monosaccharide biosynthesis in the body, with 4 key enzymes: glucose 6 phosphatase, fructose 1, 6, two phosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase, and phosphoenolpyruvate kinase. 4. blood sugar is regulated by nerves, hormones, and organs. Elevation of blood sugar: glucagon, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, epinephrine. Lower blood sugar: insulin (B cell secretion, its target cell receptor is tyrosine specific protein kinase). 5., diabetes classification: 1: endogenous insulin or C peptide deficiency, prone to ketoacidosis, hyperkalemia, occurs in young people. Type 2: more fat, more genetic, the cause of biological activity is low, gene mutation, secretion dysfunction. Type 3 idiotype. Type 4 gestational diabetes mellitus. 6. LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity depends on the pancreas / pancreas ratio. Chronic di