有哪些信誉好的足球投注网站hazardous alcohol consumption is a major factor in male premature mortality in a typical russian city prospective cohort study 2003–2009有害饮酒男性过早死亡的一个主要因素是在一个典型的俄罗斯城市2003 - 2009年的前瞻性群组研究.pdfVIP
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hazardous alcohol consumption is a major factor in male premature mortality in a typical russian city prospective cohort study 2003–2009有害饮酒男性过早死亡的一个主要因素是在一个典型的俄罗斯城市2003 - 2009年的前瞻性群组研究
Hazardous Alcohol Consumption Is a Major Factor in Male Premature Mortality in a Typical Russian City: Prospective Cohort Study 2003–2009 1 1 2 3 1 Susannah Tomkins , Tim Collier , Alexey Oralov , Lyudmila Saburova , Martin McKee , Vladimir 4 5 1 Shkolnikov , Nikolay Kiryanov , David A Leon * 1 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, 2 Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia, 3 Social Technologies Institute, Izhevsk, Russia, 4 Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany and New Economic School, Moscow, Russia, 5 Izhevsk Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia Abstract Introduction: Russia has experienced massive fluctuations in mortality at working ages over the past three decades. Routine data analyses suggest that these are largely driven by fluctuations in heavy alcohol drinking. However, individual-level evidence supporting alcohol having a major role in Russian mortality comes from only two case-control studies, which could be subject to serious biases due to their design. Methods and Findings: A prospective study of mortality (2003–9) of 2000 men aged 25–54 years at recruitment was conducted in the city of Izhevsk, Russia. This cohort was free from key limitations inherent in the design of the two earlier case-control studies. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios of all-cause mortality by alcohol drinking type as reported by a proxy informant. Hazardous drinkers were defined as those who either drank non-beverage alcohols or were reported to regularly have hangovers or other behaviours related to heavy
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