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State of the Art: Seismic Behavior of
Wood-Frame Residential Structures
1 2 3
William J. Kirkham, M.ASCE ; Rakesh Gupta, M.ASCE ; and Thomas H. Miller, M.ASCE
.
d
e
v
r
e
s Abstract: There are about 80 million single-family dwellings (SFDs) in the United States, predominantly of wood-frame construction. Of
e
r
s
t these, 68% are owner-occupied. A home is typically the largest single investment of a family, and is often not covered by earthquake in-
h
g
i
r surance, even where it is available. Of all the houses in America, 50% were built before 1974, and 76% built before 1990. Most wood-frame
l
l
a
; SFDs (WFSFDs) were built to prescriptive code provisions before seismic requirements were introduced. After the introduction of seismic
y
l design requirements, the importance of examining structures as an assembly of connected elements became more common. Much of
n
o
e the seismic design information on SFD construction is based on educated opinion or limited research. This review examines research that
s
u
l can be applied to WFSFD seismic analysis and the design and retrofit of existing WFSFDs. The review is intended to cover most readily
a
n
o
s available papers published in major U.S. journals and at major conferences in the area of seismic modeling, testing and evaluation. The state
r
e
p
r of the art is reviewed of seismic experimentation and seismic evaluation, and observations and recommendations are provided for future
o
F research. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000861. © 2013 Americ
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