英语国家慨况middleages.pptVIP

Chapter 8: England in the Middle Ages (1066-1485) Good Times, Bad Times: Figuring it Out Feudal System Land = power Give-and-take relationship Lords Fief (usually land but sometimes a castle, toll bridge, or monastery) Legal protection (court cases, custody) Vassals Loyalty Military support Hospitality Gifts and ransom Manors Property Tax Investigation! Doomsday Book! Irrevocable judgment! Modern version? Tower of London Imperial Crown Changing (Cultural) Landscape Castles–LOTS of castles Tower of London, built by William the Conqueror French culture dominates Who speaks French? Who owns language? Middle English emerges in 1300s English is confusing! English French Latin rise mount ascend ask question interrogate fast firm secure goodness virtue probity holy sacred consecrated work labor exertion Common Law under Henry II Prototype for modern law in US and UK Hard ruler, took power from barons Established trial by jury Guilty verdicts resulted in custom-based sentences, creating legal precedents Equity law–House of Lords Great Council Used to advise the king Made of important nobles Administrators and judges in London Eventual basis for earliest form of Parliament Thomas Becket Henry’s friend, was made Archbishop of Canterbury in an attempt to reform the courts Turned on Henry, and was murdered in 1170 The Pope was not happy, so Henry had to “apologize” Canterbury Tales King John Richard’s brother, took over when Richard died Not a great king The nobles didn’t like him because he was both cruel and weak Made him sign the Magna Carta Magna Carta Magna Carta Magna Carta No payment from vassals without consent No freemen punished without jury conviction Free commerce for merchants Vassals can use any means necessary to compel the king to follow the law Henry III Child king Violated Magna Carta by taking money from the nobles to support his ambitious and failing goals Nobles created the Provision of Oxford, using the Great Council to limit the King’s power Henry disag